Agriculture Science Topic 5 - Grade 12 🌱

Importance of Livestock 🐖

Livestock plays a crucial role in the economy offering various benefits including:

• Source of Income and Employment 💰: Provides livelihoods for cattle farmers and people in related industries.
• Raw Materials for Industries 🏭: Supplies materials like leather, wool, and dairy products.
• Source of Foreign Exchange 🌍: Exporting livestock and livestock products boosts the country's economy.
• Manure Production 🌱: Provides natural fertilizers to improve soil fertility.
• Animal Protein Source 🍖: Livestock products like meat, milk, and eggs are key sources of protein.

Health in Livestock 🏥

Signs of Good Health in Livestock ✅

• Upright stance and steady walk 🚶
• Good appetite 🍽️
• Head held upright 🐕
• Cold and wet nose 🐽
• Correct body temperature 🌡️
• Clean and bright eyes 👀

Signs of Poor Health in Livestock ❌

• Poor stance and walk 🚶‍♂️
• Loss of appetite 🚫🍽️
• Rough coat and skin 🐾
• Watery dung 💧
• Incorrect temperature 🌡️
• Emaciation (extreme thinness) ⚠️

Symptoms of Nutritional Deficiencies ⚠️

• Curled toe paralysis 🦶
• Rickets 🦴
• Aphosphorosis (phosphorus deficiency) ⚗️
• Retardation in growth 📉
• General weakness 😩
• Blindness 👁️
• Anemia 🩸
• Prolonged blood clotting ⏳

End of Agriculture Science Topic 5 - Grade 12 📚

Suitable Species of Pasture 🌱

• Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) 🌿
• Napier or Elephant Grass 🐘
• Star Grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ⭐

Nutritive Value of Livestock Feed 🥗

According to Zambian standards, livestock feed should contain:

• Carbohydrates 🍞: Provide energy for biological and biochemical processes.
• Fats 🥑: Supply twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
• Proteins 🍗: Necessary for growth, repair, and replacement of tissues.
• Minerals 🧂: Aid in the formation of teeth, bones, and overall growth.

Effects of Pests on Livestock ⚠️

• Blood-sucking leading to anemia and weakness 🩸
• Disease transmission 🦠
• Reduced growth rates 📉
• Lowered quality of livestock products 📉
• Irritation and inflammation in animals 🔥

Preventing and Controlling Pests 🛡️

• Regular spraying or dipping 💧
• Deworming 🐛
• Eradicating intermediate hosts 🚫
• Burning or plowing infected pastures 🔥
• Cleaning water points to prevent liver fluke infestation 💧

Preventing and Controlling Diseases 🛡️

• Regular vaccination 💉
• Tick control through dipping or spraying with acaricides 🐜
• Cleanliness in and around animal housing 🧼
• Providing clean water 💧
• Isolating sick animals 🚷

Maintenance of Livestock Houses 🛠️

• Periodic repairs of floors, walls, and roofs 🔨
• Daily cleaning by removing dung, urine, and washing the floors 🧹

Preparing Livestock for Marketing 🏷️

• Feed livestock nutritious food to improve their condition before sale 🍽️
• Treat animals for any diseases or pests well before marketing 🩺
• Ensure withdrawal periods are followed before marketing treated animals ⏳
• Group animals by size, sex, and age to facilitate pricing 📊

Organisations in Zambia Processing and Marketing Livestock Products 🏢

• Dairy Produce Board 🥛
• Cold Storage Board ❄️
• Zambeef 🍖
• Master Pork 🐖
• Kachema Meat Supplies Ltd 🍗
• Zambia Pork Products 🥓
• Zamchick 🐔
• Parmalet 🥛

Common Types of Fish Found in Zambia 🐠

Tilapia Family:

• Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 🌊
• Spotted Tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) 🌊
• Longfin Tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir) 🌊
• Redbreast Tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) 🌊

Others:

• Common Carp 🐟
• Brown Trout 🐟
• Catfish 🐟

Foodstuffs for Fish 🍽️

Natural Aquatic Foods: Includes plankton, insects, worms, and water plants 🌿.

Supplementary Feeds: Agricultural by-products like maize, rice bran, brewer's mash, cabbage leaves, and oil seed cakes 🌾.

Methods of Fish Farming in Zambia 🐠

• Subsistence Fish Farming 🏡
• Commercial Fish Farming 🏢

Advantages and Disadvantages of Integrated Fish Farming ⚖️

Advantages:

• Maximizes farm space and resources like feed and water 🌍.
• Benefits multiple ventures simultaneously 🤝.

Disadvantages:

• Requires specialized knowledge and experience 📚.
• Labor-intensive as it involves managing multiple enterprises 💼.

Stages in the Construction of a Fish Pond 🏗️

• Select a suitable site 📍.
• Measure and demarcate the pond area 📏.
• Construct pond walls and work on the pond floor 🧱.
• Construct inlet and outlet channels 🌊.
• Plant grass around the pond 🌱.
• Construct a strong wire fence 🛡️.
• Fill the pond with water 💧.

Management of a Fish Pond 🐠

• Refill water as needed 💧.
• Cut grass around the pond ✂️.
• Regularly feed the fish 🍽️.
• Fertilize the pond 🌱.

Methods of Harvesting Fish 🎣

• Using fish traps 🐟.
• Using gill nets 🐠.
• Completely draining the pond 🚰.
• Using hook and line 🎣.

Fish Marketing 💼

Preparing Fish for Marketing 🏷️

• Scaling 🐟.
• Gutting 🐟.
• Trimming ✂️.
• Splitting 🐟.
• Filleting 🐟.
• Final washing 🧼.
• Chilling or icing ❄️.

Forms of Marketing Fish 🏷️

• Frozen ❄️.
• Dried ☀️.
• Smoked 🔥.
• Sun-dried ☀️.
• Canned 🥫.
• Live fish 🐟.

End of Agriculture Science Topic 5 - Grade 12 📚